Research Methodology and Special Skills

• Research:Meaning,Definition,Methodology,research processes,criteria of good research.
• Types of research:  Fundamental or basic, applied, Historical, descriptive, analytical, qualitative, quantitative, experimental, conceptual, case study.
• Research design: Meaning, concepts, need, designs for different types of research.
• Research problem and developing research proposal: Selection of research area and topic, statement of the research problem ,its scope ,steps involved in defining the problem.
• Literature search: reviewing related literature, referencing, abstracting, computer search, bibliography, evaluation of the problem.
• Defining concepts: objectives, basic assumptions delimitations and limitations of the problem, statement of hypothesis.

•  Variables:Independent and dependent variables, qualitative and quantitative variables, discrete and continuous variables, methods of controlling variables. Measurement of variables.
• Sampling: Meaning, characteristics of good sample design, steps in sample design ,types and advantages.
• Techniques of data collection: primary data; Questionnaire, schedules, interview, observation and other methods
• Secondary data: Reliability ,suitability and adequacy of data
•  Processing and analysis of data : Processing operations :editing, coding, classification and tabulation of data, role of statistics in data analysis, statistical tables. 
• Report writing: types, form

• Theory of probability: Probability sampling. Simple, random, systematic random sampling. Two stage and multistage sampling. Cluster sampling, Non probability sampling: purposive, quota an volunteer sampling, snow ball sampling.
• Common distribution function: binomial probability distribution ,Poisson distribution and normal distribution curve.
• Standard deviation, Standard error 
• Test of significance:t-test, chi-test, ANOVA,F-test

• Microscopy: Light, dark field, phase contrast, interference, polarization, florescence, transmission and scanning electron microscope, Confocal, Deconvolution.
• Separation Techniques:

Chromatography - Thin layer chromatography, absorption column chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography, Size exclusion Chromatography.

Electrophoresis SDS-PAGE, Agarose Gels, Electrofocusing, Capillary.

Centrifugation: Differential and density gradient centrifugation, zonal and isopycnic separation (Brief account).

• Modern tools for inventory, monitoring and conservation of biodiversity : GIS and GPS.

Spectrophotometry: Colorimetry, spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Flame emission spectroscopy.

 P.C.R. and  Types  

•  Inverse PCR
• Anchored PCR.
•  PCR for site directed mutagenesis.
• Cloning and expression of the PCR product.
• Asymmetric PCR for DNA sequencing.