RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Paper Code: 
ENV 422
Credits: 
5
Contact Hours: 
75.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
16.00
Unit I: 
Environmental Research
  • Environmental Research
  • Types of research
  • Research approaches
  • Methodology and Data collection, sampling techniques of field questionnaire
  • Secondary data, methodology and content of the field survey.
  • Social research- Concept, objective and scope, sources of data (documentary and field sources)
  • Utility of social research
  • Qualities of a good research worker (general and specific)
  • Criteria of a good research
  • Problems encountered by researchers in India.

 

14.00
Unit II: 
Methods of Data Collection
  • Schedule
  • Purpose of schedule, essentials of a good schedule
  • Procedure of forming a good schedule
  • Questionnaire, Types of questions
  • Interviews, types and technique of interviews
  • Observation, Types, limitations and importance of Observation.

 

15.00
Unit III: 
Statistical Analysis
  • Classification and tabulationof data
  • Frequency Distribution and cumulative frequency distribution
  • Graphical presentation of data-Histogram,Frequency Polygon,Frequency Curve and ogives
  • Measure of Central Tendency- Mean, Median, Mode & their properties, merits and demerits.
  • Measure of Dispersion- Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation and standard deviation
13.00
Unit IV: 
Correlation and Regression
  • Correlation Analysis- Definition and concept, types and measures of studying correlation (Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, its assumptions, properties, merits and demerits, Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient)
  • Regression Analysis- Definition, concept, uses and properties. Least Square Methods, Regression Coefficients, Fitting of Regression lines.

                 

 

 

 

17.00
Unit V: 
Biometrics
  •  Sampling Distribution and Standard Error
  •  Element of Testing a Statistical Hypothesis- Formulation of the problem, Types of errors. Level of significance, large sample test for single mean, difference in two means, single proportions, difference in two proportions.
  • Small sample test- Application of Student’s t- test for small sample for single mean, difference in two means (independent and paired-t).
  • Chi-square test for independence of attributes.
  • Analysis of Variance- Concept of ANOVA, its assumptions, Basic idea of one-way and two-way classification with simple questions.

 

 

Essential Readings: 
  • Gupta ,S.P., Fundamentals of Statistical Methods
  • Study Material (Handbooks) of Sikkim Manipal University for Science Health and Technology for the Degree of Post Graduation in Ecology and Environment
  • Marc Triola, Biostatistics for the Biological and Health Sciences with Statdisk. earsons publications
  • ·Bernard Rosner 
  • Printer-friendly version
  • PDF version