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Research Methodology [1]

Paper Code: 
25ENV 124
Credits: 
4
Contact Hours: 
4.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

This course will enable the students to -

  1. Familiarize students with the basics of research and the research process
  2. Impart knowledge for enabling students to develop data analytics skills and meaningful     interpretation of the data sets to solve the research problem

 

Course Outcomes: 

Upon     completion      of     this course, the student will:

CO19: Assess research concepts, demonstrating the ability to formulate problems effectively and recognize the importance of literature reviews.

CO20: Evaluate various data collection methods and assess sample design criteria for selecting appropriate sampling procedures.

CO21: Apply statistical analysis techniques, including measures of central tendency and dispersion, to analyze research data effectively.

CO22: Analyze correlation relationships and apply regression analysis to model relationships between variables in research studies.

CO23: Conduct hypothesis testing using statistical methods, demonstrating proficiency in formulating hypotheses and drawing valid conclusions from research data.

CO24: Contribute effectively to course-specific interaction

10.00
Unit I: 
Introduction to Research

 

·         Meaning, Objectives and Types of Research

·         Research Process (Basic steps)

·         Formulation of the Research Problem and Its Elements

·         Literature Review: Objectives, Importance and Process

·         Criteria of good research

·         Qualities of a good research worker

  • Basic principles of Research Ethics
10.00
Unit II: 
Data Collection and Sampling

 

·         Steps in Sample Design

·         Criteria for selecting a sampling procedure

·         Types of Sample Design: probability and non-probability sampling

·         Methods of Data Collection:

o    Observation Method: types, merits and limitations

o    Interview: types, merits and limitations

o    Questionnaire: main aspects of the questionnaire, essentials of a good questionnaire, merits and limitations

  • Schedule
13.00
Unit III: 
Statistical Analysis

 

·         Measurement Scales: Ordinal, Interval, Ratio and Nominal

·         Classification of data: Objectives and types of classification

·         Frequency Distributions: Cumulative and Relative

·         Graphical presentation of data- Histogram, Frequency Polygon, Frequency curve and Ogives

·         Measure of Central Tendency- Mean, Median, Mode & their properties, merits and demerits.

Measure of Dispersion- Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation and standard deviation

12.00
Unit IV: 
Correlation and Regression

 

  • Correlation Analysis- Definition and concept, Significance and types of correlation, properties of correlation coefficient
  • Measures of studying correlation
    • Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, its assumptions, properties, merits and demerits
    • Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient
  • Regression Analysis-Concept, uses, Regression Coefficients, Regression Equations, Fitting of Regression lines

 

15.00
Unit V: 
Data Analysis and Hypothesis Testing

 

  • Basics of Sampling Distribution and Standard Error
  • Element of Testing a Statistical Hypothesis- Formulation of the problem, Types of errors. Level of significance, large sample test for single mean, difference in two means, single proportions, difference in two proportions.
  • Small sample test- Application of Student’s t-test for small sample for single mean, the difference in two means (independent and paired-t test).
  • Chi-square test for independence of attributes.
  • Analysis of Variance- Concept of ANOVA, its assumptions, Basic idea of one-way and two-way classification with simple questions

Note: A Non-Scientific Calculator is allowed in the CA and Semester End Examination

 

Essential Readings: 

ESSENTIAL READINGS

  • Fisher, R. A. (2007). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications.
  • Gupta, S. P. (2009). Fundamentals of Statistical Methods. Sultan Chand & Sons
  • Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Age International Publishers.
  • Kumar, R. (2015). Research Methodology: A step-by-step guide for Beginners

 

SUGGESTED READINGS

  • Mishra S.M. and Alok S. (2011). Handbook of Research Methodology. Educreation Publishing, New Delhi
  • Montogomery, D. C. (2001). Design and Analysis of Experiments. John Wiley
  • Norman, G. R. and Streiner, D.L. (2008). The Bare Essentials 3/E (Biostatistics: The Bare Essentials Biostatistics. Mcgraw-hill Medical.
  • Goon, A.M., Gupta, M.K. and Dasgupta, B. (1991): Fundamentals of Statistics, Volume II, The World Press Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
  • Mood Alexander M., Graybill Frankline and Boes Duane C.(2007): Introduction to Theory of Statistics, McGraw Hill & Company Third Edition

 

 

References: 

e-RESOURCES

https://www.oicstatcom.org/file/TEXTBOOK-CORRELATION-AND-REGRESSION-ANALYSIS- [7] EGYPT-EN.pdf [7]

 

JOURNALS

  • Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin
  • The Aligarh Journal of Statistics
  • Afrika Statistika

 

 

 

 

Academic Year: 
2025-2026 [11]

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Source URL: https://environment.iisuniv.ac.in/courses/subjects/research-methodology-13

Links:
[1] https://environment.iisuniv.ac.in/courses/subjects/research-methodology-13
[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6322175/
[3] https://www.jotform.com/data-collection-methods/
[4] https://www.nios.ac.in/media/documents/SecMathcour/Eng/Chapter-25.pdf
[5] https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/65182/3/Unit-3.pdf
[6] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC374386/
[7] https://www.oicstatcom.org/file/TEXTBOOK-CORRELATION-AND-REGRESSION-ANALYSIS-EGYPT-EN.pdf
[8] https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.105.586461
[9] https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/40007_Chapter8.pdf
[10] https://www.sci.utah.edu/~arpaiva/classes/UT_ece3530/hypothesis_testing.pdf
[11] https://environment.iisuniv.ac.in/academic-year/2025-2026